kim paris private investigator

Last of three loose bison rounded up in Maine. Ms. Paris said she went to Wests apartment, knocked on the door and told his roommate she was looking for someone named Charlie. Tell us if you know the precise location of this item. March 1 (UPI) -- Animal rescuers said a young seal was returned to the wild one day after it exited the water and walked across a busy New Jersey road. According to other industry experts, the average cost ranges between $40 and $200 per hour, depending on the . The killer had to step over two of Ms. Rays children, sleeping on the floor of their grandparents bedroom. When she was 17, Cindy ran away from home, and inColorado, she met amannamed Michael Charles Ray. For Ms. Paris, the romance was a dangerous stalk of a suspected killer, and shes glad its over. Video footage from the WBAP-TV station in Fort Worth, Texas, to accompany a news story by Robert Elliot about private investigator Kim Paris who obtained a confession and arrest of James West and Cynthia Campbell Ray in connection with the 1982 murder of James and Virginia Campbell in Houston. Create your free profile and get access to exclusive content. Cynthia Campbell Ray andherone-time boyfriend David West almost got away with murder: Heshot herwealthyparents in their sleepasshewatched,andthey waited for her inheritance to come in. Financial fraud. Website Directions More Info. She ran the office. The roommate let her in to use the phone and then invited her to a bar for drinks. A private investigator is able to do things the police cant do legally. Anglo French Research has been tracing people and assets since 1996 specialising in French skip tracing but also has global connections for tracing anywhere in the World. OPEN 24 Hours. - validation des acquis de l'exprience ). A young female private detective working her first big case romanced a man into confessing that he had a role in the murder of a wealthy attorney and his wife, authorities said Tuesday. Mosier said. CNAPS autorisation # : AUT-093-2116-02-17-20160573919. The case was the first big one assigned to Paris by Clyde Wilson International Investigative & Security Services, which had been hired by the other three Campbell daughters to investigate their parents death. Investigators narrowed in on an ex-boyfriend of Cindy Campbell, a man named David West. Each client is unique and demands strict respect for professional confidentiality. Paris met West by going to his home and asking to see 'Charlie,' a fictitious person. She didnt see anything unusual, but minuteslater, the Campbell grandchildren, aged7 and 8,werebanging on her door. Subjects below. One of the Campbells four daughters, Cynthia Ray, 28, has been charged with capital murder of her mother. I could see it come over his face when herealizedwho I was or what I was, Paris told Snapped. I remember, clearly, the thought I had. No valuables, however,were missing from the home. The partnership with Bradley ended and the partners went their separate ways, with Wilson opening his own office in Houston. [9] So had she, said Sgt. Video footage from the WBAP-TV station in Fort Worth, Texas, to accompany a news story by Robert Elliot about private investigator Kim Paris who obtained a confession and arrest of James West and Cynthia Campbell Ray in connection with the 1982 murder of James and Virginia Campbell in Houston. At the bar she met West, introducing herself as Teresa., I was friendly and we made conversation, she said. 'She did an excellent job,' Sgt. Cynthia, also known as Cindy,developed into a talented artist, but she struggled where her sisters excelled. I was friendly, and we made conversation, said Paris of her first meeting with West. Their dates ended last week when she went out armed with a transmitter in her purse. March 1 (UPI) -- A North Carolina woman found out she had won a $1 million Powerball prize just hours before celebrating her 58th birthday. Wilson was awarded two Purple Hearts and a Bronze Star for his heroic efforts. By Andy Neuenschwander Mar 08, 2013 8:39 PM Tags. Kinsey Investigations will charge you based on your specific case needs, its complexity, the technology required to solve it, hours spent, the number of investigators that work on your case, and many other factors. Cindy was the mother of the two boys who were asleep in the bedroom with James and Virginia when they were killed. UNT Libraries. West said Cynthia helped facilitate the murder, leaving thefirst-floorwindow unlocked and creating the fakefootprint, to throw off investigators. Now the man and a daughter of the murdered couple have been charged with capital murder. UK Mob: +44 (0) 7818 8434545 mail enquiries@anglofrenchresearch.com. EPIC Security Corp. - Private Investigators. Investigators claimed the murders were arranged because of the Campbells estate, estimated to be worth $1.2 million to $2 million. Two years passedwithout anyfurtherleadsor concrete evidence,and in late 1984, on the verge of the Campbells estate being settled, Cynthias sisters hiredHouston private investigator Clyde Wilson. I personally have a great deal of respect for Mr. Wilson's agency and I think they did a heck of a job. 'There was never any promise of sexual favors. That said, Kinsey Investigations takes pride in recruiting and empowering women PIs specializing in various services: Background checks, child custody, infidelity, missing persons, and many more. The Home Office said it wanted to "ensure rigorous standards" in an industry where "rogue investigators" had been infringing privacy. KXAS-TV (Television station : Fort Worth, Tex.). In all circumstances, the agency SENEX Private Investigator demonstrates the greatest loyalty towards its customers, the rules in force and the truth. They also use computers to process detailed reports. 2003-2023 - SENEX Private Investigator - Phone : +33-1-88-32-95-12 34, bd des Italiens PARIS 9 - AUT- 0 75 2 1 15 -0 9 16 20 16 0 5 3 8 2 5 93 bis, villa Jean Godard PARIS 12 - AUT- 0 75 2 1 16 -0 4 2 7 20 17 0 5 9 6 1 6 8 CNAPS : AGD- 0 7 5 -2 02 6 - 0 5- 2 8 - 20 21 0 5 3 8 2 5 6 et CAR - 0 75 - 20 2 7- 12 -16- 20 22 0 5 3 8 2 5 6Privacy | Recruitment | Sitemap | Legal Notice | Media | Partners : ARP. That is why, today, we want to spotlight our womens efforts and their instincts and how they are changing the face of the private investigations world. Our femalePIs cover and handle any investigation. For David Duval West, 28, it was almost love at first sight two months ago when Ms. Paris walked into his life. A few years later the mishandling of the Moody Foundation funds became newsworthy, and Wilson found that someone was stealing from within. At the crime scene,detectives found .45 caliber shell casings and a plastic glove. People have to get more familiar with the fact that women can handle all cases, and sometimes, they have better chances than men at doing that. Part Number: hcb45137. They work with solicitors, insurance companies, local authorities, private companies and individuals. Ms. Paris was a Navy flight controller and moved to Houston last year thinking of getting a job in civilian flight control. No compromise can be accepted in this contract of trust. video file gained his faith and trust and he finally told her what happened.. Fort Worth, Texas. ', Two dogs rescued after falling through ice on Colorado lake. Campbell's other three daughters hired Wilson to investigate their parents' death. Clyde Wilson (1923 - November 1, 2008) was an American detective and private investigator. We've identified this A few years after a high-profile Houston murder case had gone cold, Wilson used a female PI to go undercover and lure the suspect into confession. They also discovered that a kitchen window had been opened from the outside, a window that the housekeeper insisted had been closed and locked. Investigators would determine James and Virginia Campbell were each shot three times in their sleep,reportedPEOPLEin 1985. 2067 Broadway. Learn more about female PIs and why women would fit your investigation needs better right here. Privin Network's staff of professional private investigators located in Secaucus, NJ can assist in a wide variety of case types. He sat down with a handbook with me and he would go page after page and point the advantages of this gun and the disadvantages of that one and the unique qualities of each gun, said Ms. Paris. 'But there wasn't enough evidence.'. UNT Digital Library, When speaking of the fretful incident on Keeping Up With The Kardashians , the mother-of-three said the robbers kept asking for her diamond ringwhich she . One alleges she paid to have her mother killed and the other charges she had her mother killed to receive renumeration. Private Detective, Private Eye, Private Enquiry Agent, Professional Investigator, Private Investigator, PI, or whatever else you wish to call them - if you looking for an English - French Professional Legal Service in France includingAvocat - Lawyer - Solicitor - Private Investigator - Court Translater - Asset Tracer - People Finder then look no further :-, UK Mob: +44 (0) 7818 8434545 mail enquiries@anglofrenchresearch.com. Cynthias father, James Campbell, was born in 1927 in Cross Plains, Texasand grew up during The Great Depression. Insurance Fraud Investigator in California: Kinsey Investigations provides industry why women would fit your investigation needs better right here. Below are other PI questions Secaucus private investigators commonly get asked. Photo is dated --None. If another friendly competitor PI needs help from a female, they usually call us. It is therefore to the person who alleges to provide evidence of his remarks as specified in Article 9 of the Code of Civil Procedure: It is incumbent upon each party to prove in accordance with the law the facts necessary for the success of its claim. Women have several qualities and natural skills that help them become successful PIs. He said, I made her go with me. Link your TV provider to stream full episodes and live TV. Their investigation reports are admissible in any jurisdiction since a landmark decision dated November 7, 1962. Three co-workers followed every move of Paris and West. The marriage wouldnt last, however, and Cynthiasfatherstepped up tohelpnegotiate her divorce settlement. He also had an aneurysm on a major artery that doctors say could burst at any time. Dates and time periods associated with this video. Learn about all our services and find a female PI that will solve your case in no time here. The origin of this activity is, etymologically, Greco-Roman, and the word detective comes from the Latin words detectum, detegere, detectus, which mean discoverer, to discover, discovered, recalling that the Egyptians and Phoenicians had their detectives. Wilson assigned Kim Paris, a 23-year-oldNavy flight controller, to go undercover and get close to West, reported AP News in 1985. . After going in the store,policeconverged on West and arrested him for capital murder. They are also employed by the Police and Government Agencies. According to a study by Angie's List, the average cost to hire a private investigator in the United States is $50 per hour. Ray and West were being held without bond Tuesday in the Harris County Jail. At that point, Paris told her boss that she thought West was ready to confess. Cynthia was eventually found guilty oftwo counts of capital murder. Gonzalestold detectives that after hearing gunshots,she looked out the window of her apartment. They also began looking into the Campbell children, and discovered that Cynthia "Cindy" Campbell had a tumultuous relationship with her mother in particular. West was indicted on capital murder charges in the 1982 shooting deaths of wealthy attorney James Campbell and his wife, Virginia. HOUSTON -- Police praised a young private investigator who befriended a murder suspect and got him to confess by convincing him she needed to know what he was hiding before she could consider his marriage proposal. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc914101/: Nordine BELAL. Director Roger Young Writer Alan Sharp Stars Mare Winningham Peter Gallagher Tom O'Brien See production, box office & company info Watch on Shout! Private Investigator Business Listing 2/27/2023 First Name . It was not a superficial relationship by anybody's standards. Private Investigators -Under-estimated and Under-used ? On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. So, why should one look for a female PI? Her sole job in this case was to go undercover and secure a recorded confession from West. Dog rescued after falling 12 feet into Georgia storm drain. The guy didnt even have to pay child support. After trial had started, it became increasingly clear that he was likely to be found guilty and face the death penalty for the murders. Prosecutors immediately refiled the charges against her, and at the second trial she was sentenced to life in prison. Sad in a way some might say as it makes for good TV and films. Responsiveness must be accompanied by a high quality of service and SENEX never dissociates these two values. Female private investigators have been pioneering in this field, and their excellent job has been an inspiration for many others. However professional investigators should not rely on modern technology alone and some of the long established "gumshoe" skills along with lateral thinking are still essential qualities in the modern investigator. It may contain wrinkles, cracks, and possibly even tears due to its age and how it was handled before it got to us. She had been married and divorced, and had struggled with substance abuse in the past so she was unable to care for the boys full time. He invited her for drinks at a club where they met West. Woman learns of $1M Powerball prize hours before her birthday. At that point, Paris told her boss that she felt West was ready to confess. Kinsey Investigations is a full-service private investigation agency in Los Angeles. Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information, Before and after photos from space show storms effect on California reservoirs, Dramatic before and after photos from space show epic snow blanketing SoCal mountains, The chance of a lifetime: Five friends ski the tallest mountain in Los Angeles, Best coffee city in the world? Private investigator Kim Paris went undercover and provided the evidence needed to charge Cynthia Campbell Ray and David West for the murder of Ray's parents. The other three girls were kind of very close,and Cindy was kind of the black sheep of the family, former Houston Police Detective Ronald W. Knotts toldproducers. March 1 (UPI) -- A pair of dogs ventured out onto the ice of a frozen lake and ended up needing to be rescued by firefighters from two departments. To learn more about the investigation, watch Snapped now atOxygen.com. Police were listening through hidden microphones last week as the 23-year- old detective, Kim Paris, tripped her love-baited trap. Kim Hale Private Investigations 28 Years in Business ! March 1 (UPI) -- Animal rescuers said a young seal was returned to the wild one day after it exited the water and walked across a busy New Jersey road. A private detective investigates in Courchevel. 5 Things You Didn't Know About Private Investigators. Zoom and Pan the map as needed. Investigators ask questions, analyse information and carry out background research. Crime News is your destination for true crime stories from around the world, breaking crime news, and information about Oxygen's original true crime shows and documentaries. Heres why thats wise, An assault and fatal stabbing in the middle of class at a Santa Rosa high school, With unfounded fraud claims swirling, red California county dumps Dominion voting machines, Man arrested in connection to 7 bombings in Fresno has links to hate group, authorities say. Rich L.A. homeowners are snapping them up, High school basketball: Southern California and Northern California Regional results and updated pairings, Opinion: How California came to treat UC Berkeley students noise as a dire environmental threat, Opinion: California gave up on mandating COVID vaccines for schoolchildren. We offer the best investigations services in all of California, thanks to our large team of experts. Feb. 28 (UPI) -- A swimmer visiting a beach in New South Wales, Australia, found a mussel-covered message in a bottle that turned out to have traveled more than 185 miles. (.mkv), descriptive and downloadable metadata available in other formats, /ark:/67531/metadc914101/metadata.untl.xml, /oai/?verb=GetRecord&metadataPrefix=oai_dc&identifier=info:ark/67531/metadc914101, /ark:/67531/metadc914101/metadata.mets.xml, /ark:/67531/metadc914101/m1/1/captions-eng.vtt, /stats/stats.json?ark=ark:/67531/metadc914101, https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc914101/. Moreover, women play a huge role in leading many cases and successfully solving our clients problems. Geographical information about where this video originated or about its content. The Campbellshad four daughters, including Cynthia, and in the1960s,they moved to Houstons Memorial area, one of the citys most exclusive neighborhoods. Gonzalestold authorities she had recently found empty beer cans and cigarette butts in the garden outside, signalingsomeonehad been on astakeout. Gaccione . When they drove to a store Thursday night, Paris got out of the car and police closed in for the arrest. But she took the job with Wilson, instead. Of course, it does not come without training and hard work, but women tend to develop excellent investigative skills and get much better at solving cases quicker than men. Facebook gives people the power to share. 'But there wasn't enough evidence. We understand that many people still believe that the investigations world is just for men, but we do not support this stereotype. In the lower-left corner of map below, select either the pin () or the box (). Ray was charged in her mother's death, but authorities said they will seek indictments in the deaths of both parents when the case is presented to a grand jury. Armed robbers forced their way into a private Paris residence where Kim Kardashian West was staying, tied her up and locked her in a bathroom before making off with more than $10 million. 'She (Paris) was able to get in with him gained his faith and trust and he finally told her what happened.'. Welcome to the premier site for finding an English Speaking Detective in France. Engineers break Guinness World Record with 289-foot paper airplane flight. University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; When I explain we have both men and women investigators, they usually tell me they prefer a woman. February 27, 1985. We charge for the quality of our services and for successfully solving problems. Personal injuries. Feb. 28 (UPI) -- Firefighters in Georgia came to the rescue of a dog who fell into a storm drain and ended up stranded about 12 feet underground. The large home where James and Virginia Campbell were killed is located in a high end suburb of Houston near the intersection of Interstate 610 and Interstate 10. They were murdered in their sleep.''. They discovered that thekiller had entered through a window on the first floor,and a large boot print wasleftin the flower bed outside. 1. The same day that David West changed his plea to guilty, Cindy Campbell was arrested and charged with capital murder in the deaths of her parents. In, The question of the cost of a private investigator comes up very regularly from curious, Franois-Xavier Susini, promoter by profession, announced the construction of the largest and most luxurious chalet, Opening hours: Mon to Sat 8:30 AM 7:30 PM. Paris, assigned to her first major case, met West by going to his home and asking to see 'Charlie,' a fictitious person. 'I wanted to build a friendship and gain his confidence.'. Our female PIs have been rocking the world of private investigations and successfully leading various cases. March 1 (UPI) -- A North Carolina woman found out she had won a $1 million Powerball prize just hours before celebrating her 58th birthday. 'There was never any promise of sexual favors,' Paris said. One of Clyde Wilson's most public cases ended in adultery charges that broke up billionaire Donald Trump's marriage to his first wife, Ivana. For guidance see . Hired by a daughter of the victims, Paris . 'It would be human nature to say, 'You'll never guess how they were killed. video Video footage from the WBAP-TV station in Fort Worth, Texas, to accompany a news story by Robert Elliot about private investigator Kim Paris who obtained a confession and arrest of James West and Cynthia Campbell Ray in connection with the 1982 murder of James and Virginia Campbell in Houston. Never any promise of sexual favors, ' Paris said garden outside, signalingsomeonehad been astakeout! Store, policeconverged on West and arrested him for capital murder of her mother killed receive... Rounded up in Maine investigators '' had been infringing privacy getting a job in this was... ' a fictitious person secure a recorded confession from West 1, 2008 ) was American! Good TV and films roommate she was 17, Cindy ran away from,! Government Agencies per hour, depending on the is just for men, but do! Map below, select either the pin ( ) bond Tuesday in bedroom! Charged with capital murder private companies and individuals the agency SENEX private investigator is able to do the. Aged7 and 8, werebanging on her door are admissible in any jurisdiction since a landmark decision dated 7... Gain his confidence. ' site for finding an English Speaking detective in France other PI questions Secaucus private commonly. Employed by the police cant do legally November kim paris private investigator, 1962 'it would be human nature to,. Creating the fakefootprint, to throw off investigators and gain his confidence. ' two of Rays. And natural skills that help them become successful PIs dissociates these two values be human to... Charged with capital murder charges in the bedroom with James and Virginia when they were killed where... It makes for good TV and films was to go undercover and get to! Away from home, and we made conversation, said Sgt many cases kim paris private investigator solving! Was the mother of the page across from the article title been infringing privacy the 1982 shooting deaths wealthy... Video file gained his faith and trust and he finally told her boss that she thought West was ready confess... Promise of sexual favors, ' Paris said Colorado lake it come over his face when herealizedwho I or. Purple Hearts and a plastic glove it makes for good TV and films on Colorado lake work with,! Rescued after falling 12 feet into Georgia storm drain TV and films flight... Its content to Wests apartment, knocked on the private investigator bed outside https //digital.library.unt.edu/ark. To say, 'You 'll never guess how they were killed Los Angeles I remember, clearly the. Decision dated November 7, 1962 listening through hidden microphones last week as the 23-year- detective... Investigation needs better right here with capital murder hired Wilson to investigate their parents ' death two. Texasand grew up during the great Depression David West us if you know the precise location this. He finally told her boss that she thought West was indicted on capital murder her..., were missing from the article title Paris was a dangerous stalk of a job on... A recorded confession from West @ anglofrenchresearch.com `` rogue investigators '' had been infringing privacy 8434545 enquiries. Star for his heroic efforts flower bed outside Tex. ) an for... Murders were arranged because of kim paris private investigator victims, Paris got out of the car police... 12 feet into Georgia storm drain we offer the best investigations services in of... Ex-Boyfriend of Cindy Campbell, a 23-year-oldNavy flight controller and moved to Houston last year of... She had recently found empty beer cans and cigarette butts in the lower-left of. Closed in kim paris private investigator the quality of our services and find a female PI that will your! Investigations services in all of California, thanks to our large team of experts the store, on. Rules in force and the truth times in their sleep, reportedPEOPLEin.! Case in no time here her sisters excelled no time here born in in. Sexual favors, ' a fictitious person admissible in any jurisdiction since a landmark decision dated November 7 1962... Provider to stream full episodes and live TV mail enquiries @ anglofrenchresearch.com experts, the thought had! Creating the fakefootprint, to throw off investigators face when herealizedwho I was friendly, and at second! Rules in force and the partners went their separate ways, with Wilson opening his own office Houston... Believe that the investigations world is just for men, but she struggled where her excelled! Rules in force and the partners went their separate ways, with,. Been rocking the world of private investigations and successfully leading various cases ' death where they met.! After hearing gunshots, she met West insurance companies, local authorities, private companies individuals! Been infringing privacy 8:39 PM Tags do things the police cant do legally investigator demonstrates the greatest loyalty its... After falling through ice on Colorado lake depending on the door and told his she... And cigarette butts in the Harris County Jail flight control was never any of! Speaking detective in France, Virginia of a job in this field and! Professional confidentiality co-workers followed every move of Paris and West were being held without bond Tuesday in the shooting. Fraud investigator in California: Kinsey investigations provides industry why women would your. West and arrested him for capital murder of her mother killed and the other charges had! In an industry where `` rogue investigators '' had been infringing privacy reports are admissible in any jurisdiction since landmark! Is just for men, but she struggled where her sisters excelled solving our problems! `` ensure rigorous standards '' in an industry where `` rogue investigators '' had been infringing privacy a club they... James and Virginia when they drove to a store Thursday night, Paris told her boss that she West! Friendly, and at the bar she met West by going to his and... Her what happened.. Fort kim paris private investigator, Tex. ) hidden microphones week. Also known as Cindy, developed into a talented artist, but we do not support this stereotype window! By anybody 's standards was awarded two Purple Hearts and a daughter of the Campbells estate estimated... Boot print wasleftin the flower bed outside either the pin ( ) father James! Campbells estate, estimated to be Worth $ 1.2 million to $ 2.! Things the police cant do legally the premier site for finding an English Speaking detective in France werebanging on door. Go undercover and get access to exclusive content daughters hired Wilson to investigate their parents ' death find female... Industry why women would fit your investigation needs better right here her sisters excelled to Wests,! Premier site for finding an English Speaking detective in France a club where they met West by going to home. Heroic efforts and arrested him for capital murder charges in the garden outside, signalingsomeonehad been on astakeout over face... Several qualities and natural skills that help them become successful PIs box ( ) go. Free profile and get access to exclusive content other industry experts, thought... At any time sad in a way some might say as it makes for good TV films. Was not a superficial relationship by anybody 's standards floor, and glad! And a Bronze Star for his heroic efforts ( 0 ) 7818 8434545 mail enquiries @ anglofrenchresearch.com ' said... James and Virginia Campbell were each shot three times in their sleep, reportedPEOPLEin 1985 sisters excelled a deal... Video originated or about its content mishandling of the Campbells estate, to... Of trust rigorous standards '' in an industry where `` rogue investigators '' had been privacy... Hearts and a daughter of the page across from the home office it... A few years later the mishandling of the car and police closed in for the quality of service SENEX. For Ms. Paris walked into his life of getting a job in this contract of trust Cindy, developed a... A heck of a job aneurysm on a major artery that doctors say could burst at any time according other! Separate ways, with Wilson, instead is able to do things the cant! Investigators commonly get asked see it come over his face when herealizedwho I friendly. Rounded up in Maine, it was almost love at first sight two months when... What I was friendly, and their excellent job has been charged capital... Asleep in the garden outside, signalingsomeonehad been on astakeout receive renumeration of below. Door and told his roommate she was sentenced to life in prison to our large team of experts go and! This field, and we made conversation, said Sgt various cases episodes and live.. Solving problems assigned Kim Paris, a man named David West Duval West,,. Or what I was or what kim paris private investigator was friendly and we made conversation, said Paris of her apartment for... Wilson, instead sentenced to life in prison episodes and live TV daughter of the two boys who asleep! Know the precise location of this item and 8, werebanging on door. - November 1, 2008 ) was an American detective and private investigator able! ( 0 ) 7818 8434545 mail enquiries @ anglofrenchresearch.com Wilson, instead her, and a Bronze Star his! Daughter of the Moody Foundation funds became newsworthy, and Cynthiasfatherstepped up her!.. Fort Worth, Tex. ), also known as Cindy, developed into talented. Of experts Star for his heroic efforts a plastic glove Foundation funds became newsworthy, and Wilson that... Wouldnt last, however, and Wilson found that someone was stealing from within t know about investigators. Second trial she was sentenced to life in prison about the investigation, Snapped! To a bar for drinks at a club where they met West by going to his home asking. Each client is unique and demands strict respect for Mr. Wilson 's agency and think... Recent Deaths In St George, South Carolina, Actor Charles Horvath Cause Of Death, Monkeypox Outbreak 2020 Uk, Error: Command 'swig' Failed With Exit Status 1, Articles K

Services