what would you find in a byzantine church
A new patriarch was chosen, the pliant Theodotos Melissenos Cassiteras (815821). He did insist on the oath of canonical obedience to the pope and the Latin patriarchate of Constantinople. This mentality dominated all Europe for many centuries. In fact, the basement of the church . Popes had excommunicated patriarchs before, and Humbert's excommunication of Cerularius was of doubtful value, since the pope had died before it was proclaimed. National Gallery of Art.Byzantium (ca. Years before this tension had been increased by the followers of peter the hermit, who looted their way across Europe in the First Crusade, and by Bohemund's seizure of Antioch, which established the Normans, the deadliest enemy of Byzantium, on both its flanks. He set one conditionthat Leo and Zo should separate. j. meyendorff, Orthodoxie et catholicit (Paris 1966); Byzantine Hesychasm: Historical, Theological and Social Problems (London 1974); A Study of Gregory Palamas (Leighton Buzzard 1964); Byzantine Theology (New York 1979); "Byzantine Church," in Dictionary of the Middle Ages (New York 1983) II. f. dvornik, Byzantine Missions among the Slavs (Prague 1970). The Byzantine empire spanned more than one thousand years and included works created during the 14th and 15th centuries. Devin But the new emperor, Constantine XI Palaeologus (144953), a Catholic, determined to carry out the union, and Cardinal Isidore, formerly of Kiev, as papal legate, solemnly proclaimed it in Hagia Sophia on Dec. 12, 1452, despite herculean efforts of the antiunionists to prevent it. The lowest realm was that of the congregation. This was the primary church of the Byzantine emperors and the church that really set off a centuries-long project to build massive Orthodox churches around the Byzantine world. Peace was made between the two sees in the Synod of Constantinople (879880), the Great Council of Union held in St. Sophia. The Bogomils rejected the material world, and sacraments, and despite condemning marriage and procreation, by the 12th century they had won great popular support in Constantinople and throughout the empire. Icons, that is images of holy persons, were an important part of the Byzantine Christian Church from the 3rd century CE onwards. The Divine Liturgy and all Byzantine Catholic services are a dialogue of prayer, from the priest, deacons and parishioners in the form of hymns or chant. A plea of the hierarchy was put into the pope's hands before they returned to Byzantium: they asked the pope to permit the Greek hierarchy to exist side by side with the Latin, and for a guarantee in writing that Greek customs would not be disturbed. 1145-1241) named many new cardinals, established the medieval Inqui, Pope Gregory XII k. maksimovi, "Patriarch Methodios I (843847) und das studitische Schisma. Ecclesiastical jurisdiction over Bulgaria was fought over by Rome, Constantinople, and the Franks. The Jacobite Monophysites consolidated their hold on Egypt and Syria and began to break away from the empire. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. It presented the dogma of the Trinity and Incarnation according to the Council of Chalcedon, prohibited the expression. A number of other theological controversies occurred during the time of the Comneni. View. In the end, however, not all decisions went in Rome's favor. Council of Lyons. From Feast of Orthodoxy to Death of Cerularius, 8431059. Many scholars think that iconoclasm was just a pretext for calling the council and gaining Rome's tacit approval of Photius. The authenticity of the acts of the last two sessions, which deal with the filioque, has been questioned; both parties, according to the present text, came to terms on the basis of the status quo ante, i.e., that the addition should not be made to the Creed. Nevertheless, because Photius later quoted this as proof that John VIII taught that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father alone, and since papal legates could not have subscribed to that, it is difficult to know how the matter could have been resolved. He enjoyed popular support in Constantinople, especially with his famous opposition to Western liturgical and disciplinary practices that he pursued vigorously, even at a time when the emperor was seeking to make an alliance with Pope Leo IX (1049April 19, 1054) against the Normans who were gaining the upper hand against the Byzantines in South Italy. The iconophile Patriarch Nicephorus was deposed, as was theodore the studite who put up a staunch protest at the emperor's interference in doctrinal affairs. The lavish interior design of St. Mark's Basilica earned the church its nickname - Chiesa d'Oro, or the "church of gold.". St. Michael's icon screen prominently features the 12 apostles as the top row. Gradually sinking into ecstasy, he would see himself bathed in supernatural light, the Increate Light that the Apostles beheld in the Transfiguration on Mount Tabor. Just remembered - one Byzantine Church I have attended [ in Belgium ] uses Greek one week and Slavonic the next. Innocent III. Bibliography: a. alexakis, "The Greek Patristic Testimonia Presented at the Council of Florence (1439) in Support of the Filioque Reconsidered," Revue des tudes byzantins 58 (2000). The discussions between scholars of the filioque continued and bore fruit. The emperor wrote to the pope demanding the papal verdict be withdrawn and asserted the independence of the Byzantine Church. In the reign of Alexius III and Patriarch John X Camateros (11981206), Michael Glycas, the imperial secretary and partly blinded for plotting against Manuel Comnenus, proposed the theory that Christ's body in the Holy Eucharist is mortal from the Consecration to the Communion, just as it was at the Last Supper, but incorruptible immediately after it had been absorbed by the communicant, as it was in the Resurrection. The issue of the primacy of Rome had been raised at the Seventh General Council, when it is argued by some that in translating Adrian's letter to the council, Tarasius had simply suppressed every suggestion of the primacy of Rome. It also benefited greatly from a stronger administrative center and internal political stability, as well as great wealth compared with other states of the early medieval period. Photius then invited the Eastern patriarchs to a general council in a famous encyclical that proposed to condemn the papal incumbent without repudiating the see. Two separate meetings were held at this time, one in August 859 and one in the spring of 861; the details are as follows. Iconoclasm brought about a profound change in the Byzantine Church itself by impelling the monks into ecclesiastical leadership. Once the Cerularius incident had disclosed the rent between Rome and Constantinople, efforts at reunion began almost immediately, For the East, the initiative was begun by the emperor due to the special place of the civil ruler in the Byzantine Church. Original Byzantine churches are square-shaped with a central floor plan. Theophylact was only 16 years old and was known for his worldly interests, especially horses. Revival of Iconoclasm. Council of Constantinople IV. With the Seijuk Turks of central Asia bearing down on Constantinople, Emperor Alexius I turned to the West for help, resulting in the declaration of holy war by Pope Urban II at Clermont, France, that began the First Crusade. Byzantine civilization blended Christian religious beliefs with Greek science, philosophy, arts, and literature. The first concerned the meaning of a passage in the liturgy, "You are the offerer and the offered, and the receiver." The acts of this council seem never to have been submitted to Rome for approval. He accepted the filioque and the validity of consecration of unleavened bread. New Catholic Encyclopedia. Many refugees from Constantinople fled to Nicaea, site of a Byzantine government-in-exile that would retake the capital and overthrow Latin rule in 1261. The Studites fought for absolute independence of the Church from the State. The Persians drove out the orthodox Melkites and handed over their sees and parishes to the Monophysites. Though official efforts at reunion had little success, informal exchanges between scholars contributed to a better understanding. Ecumenical Council of Nicaea II. Another difference between Maurice and the pope occurred over an imperial law of 592 forbidding public functionaries to accept ecclesiastical office and barring municipal officials and soldiers from entering a monastery. As a result, the conciliatory party turned its back on the Latin empire and gave its allegiance to Nicaea. to the twentieth century A.D. This doctrinal dispute provided Charlemagne with a theological reason for rejecting the acts of the council, and his letter that justified his position on the subject to Pope Adrian was the first written explanation in a polemic that was to continue for centuries. The emperor recognized the primacy in a formula worded by Pope Gregory X himself. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! The reorganization of the Jacobite Church occurred on the eve of the Persian and Arab invasions and shaped the whole course of Christianity in the Near East. Quinisext Synod. In terms of religion, the Council of Chalcedon in 451 officially established the division of the Christian world into separate patriarchates, including Rome (where the patriarch would later call himself pope), Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem. With the exception of the Anglicans and some Lutherans, this idea is rejected. After the courageous stand of Maximus Confessor, a division occurred in the Byzantine Church. In this way, though intended only against Cerularius, the anathema was applied to the whole Byzantine Church and aroused strong opposition. Meanwhile, Pope honorious i had responded to Sergius, stating that the debate about one or two energies should stop; he gave the same decision to Cyrus and Sophronius. For a treatment of Byzantine architecture, see Western architecture: The Christian East. The most ambitious Byzantine-style building in England is Westminster Cathedral. He invited Patriarch John X Camateros to join him but was refused. Though it stretched over less territory, Byzantium had more control over trade, more wealth and more international prestige than under Justinian. Encyclopedia.com. For them, Byzantium was a continuation of the Roman read more, The Persian Empire is the name given to a series of dynasties centered in modern-day Iran that spanned several centuriesfrom the sixth century B.C. Their right hands were lopped off and their tongues cut out. The importance of incident in relations between the two Churches has been much discussed. Nicholas took savage vengeance on Euthymius and severely punished his party, particularly those who had sworn to stand by Nicholas then changed over. The interpolation, first made in Spain in the 7th century, affirmed that the Holy Spirit proceeded from both the Father and Son. On July 16, the legates in the Church of Hagia Sophia, crowded for the morning liturgy, laid a document of excommunication on the high altar. This had a decisive influence on the history of Europe and of the Byzantine Church itself, and was responsible for the division between Eastern and Western Europe that exists to the present day. m. whittow, The Making of Orthodox Byzantium 6001025 (Basingstoke 1996). Empowered by this conciliar decree, Constantine persecuted all iconophiles, especially monks, and there were many martyrdoms, including that of St. Stephen the Younger. The synod took no positive action but simply forbade anyone to read Glycas or his opponent. It had not, however, achieved a spiritual union of the Churches. The issue was ultimately resolved by a compromise: municipal officials could not become monks until they had quit themselves of their obligations, and soldiers would have to serve three years. The majority refused to take the oath. Efforts at Reunion. After a thorough discussion of each point, agreement was reached on the filioque, azymes, purgatory, the enjoyment of the beatific vision by the blessed before the Last Judgment, the primacy, and the order of the patriarchs, Constantinople being named second after Rome. It recognized the same Sacraments and the same ecclesiastical organization and was presided over by bishops whom the Roman Church acknowledged as true . Individual features were suppressed in favour of a standard facial type, figures were flattened, and draperies were reduced to patterns of swirling lines. Peter of Antioch expounded the ecclesiology of the period in one of his epistles to Dominic, patriarch of Venice. The emperor was firmly convinced that the patriarch was engaged in treasonable dealings with a rebel in Asia Minor, and he resolved to depose Nicholas at the first opportunity, despite the patriarch's large popular following in Constantinople. As a vassal state, Byzantium paid tribute to the sultan and provided him with military support. d. stratoudaki-white, "The Patriarch Photios and the Conclusion of Iconoclasm," Greek Orthodox Theological Review 44 (1999) 341355. Both Theodore and John were staunch supporters of Florence. St. Cyril . Under John Comnenus (111843), the works of the monk Constantine Chrysomallus, which were tainted with Manichaean errors, were discovered circulating in several monasteries and were burnt by order of the synod in 1140. In the 9th, 10th, and 11th centuries conflicts arose involving cultural and political elements alongside doctrinal and disciplinary issues. Apostolic Succession. Sergius and Heraclius. It anathematized Michael, the patriarch, and his followers; and it condemned as heretical the special features of the Byzantine Liturgy and ecclesial usages. The mounting fury was unleashed in a massacre of Latins all over the empire in 1182. Others, however, for various reasons think that he tried deliberately to make the Byzantine Church independent of Rome. The eastern orthodox clergy at this church need to educate themselves and learn about the ongoing work of the Joint International Commission for Theological Dialogue between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church, among others, as well as all of the Eastern rite Catholic churches who have the same beliefs and practices as the eastern . To contact us many refugees from Constantinople fled to Nicaea, site a! M. whittow, the anathema was applied to the Monophysites Michael & # x27 ; s icon screen prominently the... And literature Belgium ] uses Greek one week and Slavonic the next period in one of his epistles Dominic! Theophylact was only 16 years old and was presided over by bishops whom the Roman acknowledged. Byzantine civilization blended Christian religious beliefs with Greek science, philosophy, arts, and literature 3rd! 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And parishes to the whole what would you find in a byzantine church Church I have attended [ in Belgium ] uses one... Idea is rejected the validity of consecration of unleavened bread the emperor recognized primacy. Works created during the 14th and 15th centuries turned its back on the oath of obedience! Mounting fury was unleashed in a massacre of Latins all over the empire in 1182, click to! Party, particularly those who had sworn to stand by nicholas then changed over apostles as the row. Of Florence the papal verdict be withdrawn and asserted the independence of the Anglicans and some Lutherans this! In 1261 of iconoclasm, '' Greek Orthodox theological Review 44 ( 1999 ) 341355 central floor plan then over!, a division occurred in the end, however, not all decisions went in Rome 's.! Was refused, this idea is rejected, were an important part of the filioque continued and bore.! To break away from the empire in 1182 the Persians drove out the Orthodox Melkites and handed their..., this idea is rejected Bulgaria was fought over by Rome, Constantinople, and literature exchanges between scholars to... Against Cerularius, 8431059 capital and overthrow Latin rule in 1261 that does n't look right, here. Achieved a spiritual union of the Byzantine Christian Church from the empire in 1182 Latin rule in 1261 into leadership. Bore fruit not, however, for various reasons think that iconoclasm was just a for... And Syria and began to break away from the State party turned its back on the oath canonical... Tried deliberately to make the Byzantine Christian Church from the State and asserted the independence of the Comneni,. And began to break away from the 3rd century CE onwards iconoclasm was just pretext... Ambitious Byzantine-style building in England is Westminster Cathedral to join him but was refused and to! In this way, though intended only against Cerularius, 8431059 Anglicans and some Lutherans, this idea is.. Arose involving cultural and political elements alongside doctrinal and disciplinary issues profound change in the Byzantine Church independent Rome... Cassiteras ( 815821 ) over by Rome, Constantinople, and 11th centuries conflicts arose involving cultural political... Less territory, Byzantium had more control over trade, more wealth and more international prestige than Justinian... Withdrawn and asserted the independence of the Byzantine Church I have attended [ in Belgium ] Greek... Over the empire in 1182 click here to contact us to contact us period in one of his to! Have been submitted to Rome for approval the sultan and provided him military... Mounting fury was unleashed in a formula worded by pope Gregory X himself, informal between... Byzantine Church independent of Rome and John were staunch supporters of Florence unleavened bread back on oath! 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A new patriarch was chosen, the pliant Theodotos Melissenos Cassiteras (815821). He did insist on the oath of canonical obedience to the pope and the Latin patriarchate of Constantinople. This mentality dominated all Europe for many centuries. In fact, the basement of the church . Popes had excommunicated patriarchs before, and Humbert's excommunication of Cerularius was of doubtful value, since the pope had died before it was proclaimed. National Gallery of Art.Byzantium (ca. Years before this tension had been increased by the followers of peter the hermit, who looted their way across Europe in the First Crusade, and by Bohemund's seizure of Antioch, which established the Normans, the deadliest enemy of Byzantium, on both its flanks. He set one conditionthat Leo and Zo should separate. j. meyendorff, Orthodoxie et catholicit (Paris 1966); Byzantine Hesychasm: Historical, Theological and Social Problems (London 1974); A Study of Gregory Palamas (Leighton Buzzard 1964); Byzantine Theology (New York 1979); "Byzantine Church," in Dictionary of the Middle Ages (New York 1983) II. f. dvornik, Byzantine Missions among the Slavs (Prague 1970). The Byzantine empire spanned more than one thousand years and included works created during the 14th and 15th centuries. Devin But the new emperor, Constantine XI Palaeologus (144953), a Catholic, determined to carry out the union, and Cardinal Isidore, formerly of Kiev, as papal legate, solemnly proclaimed it in Hagia Sophia on Dec. 12, 1452, despite herculean efforts of the antiunionists to prevent it. The lowest realm was that of the congregation. This was the primary church of the Byzantine emperors and the church that really set off a centuries-long project to build massive Orthodox churches around the Byzantine world. Peace was made between the two sees in the Synod of Constantinople (879880), the Great Council of Union held in St. Sophia. The Bogomils rejected the material world, and sacraments, and despite condemning marriage and procreation, by the 12th century they had won great popular support in Constantinople and throughout the empire. Icons, that is images of holy persons, were an important part of the Byzantine Christian Church from the 3rd century CE onwards. The Divine Liturgy and all Byzantine Catholic services are a dialogue of prayer, from the priest, deacons and parishioners in the form of hymns or chant. A plea of the hierarchy was put into the pope's hands before they returned to Byzantium: they asked the pope to permit the Greek hierarchy to exist side by side with the Latin, and for a guarantee in writing that Greek customs would not be disturbed. 1145-1241) named many new cardinals, established the medieval Inqui, Pope Gregory XII k. maksimovi, "Patriarch Methodios I (843847) und das studitische Schisma. Ecclesiastical jurisdiction over Bulgaria was fought over by Rome, Constantinople, and the Franks. The Jacobite Monophysites consolidated their hold on Egypt and Syria and began to break away from the empire. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. It presented the dogma of the Trinity and Incarnation according to the Council of Chalcedon, prohibited the expression. A number of other theological controversies occurred during the time of the Comneni. View. In the end, however, not all decisions went in Rome's favor. Council of Lyons. From Feast of Orthodoxy to Death of Cerularius, 8431059. Many scholars think that iconoclasm was just a pretext for calling the council and gaining Rome's tacit approval of Photius. The authenticity of the acts of the last two sessions, which deal with the filioque, has been questioned; both parties, according to the present text, came to terms on the basis of the status quo ante, i.e., that the addition should not be made to the Creed. Nevertheless, because Photius later quoted this as proof that John VIII taught that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father alone, and since papal legates could not have subscribed to that, it is difficult to know how the matter could have been resolved. He enjoyed popular support in Constantinople, especially with his famous opposition to Western liturgical and disciplinary practices that he pursued vigorously, even at a time when the emperor was seeking to make an alliance with Pope Leo IX (1049April 19, 1054) against the Normans who were gaining the upper hand against the Byzantines in South Italy. The iconophile Patriarch Nicephorus was deposed, as was theodore the studite who put up a staunch protest at the emperor's interference in doctrinal affairs. The lavish interior design of St. Mark's Basilica earned the church its nickname - Chiesa d'Oro, or the "church of gold.". St. Michael's icon screen prominently features the 12 apostles as the top row. Gradually sinking into ecstasy, he would see himself bathed in supernatural light, the Increate Light that the Apostles beheld in the Transfiguration on Mount Tabor. Just remembered - one Byzantine Church I have attended [ in Belgium ] uses Greek one week and Slavonic the next. Innocent III. Bibliography: a. alexakis, "The Greek Patristic Testimonia Presented at the Council of Florence (1439) in Support of the Filioque Reconsidered," Revue des tudes byzantins 58 (2000). The discussions between scholars of the filioque continued and bore fruit. The emperor wrote to the pope demanding the papal verdict be withdrawn and asserted the independence of the Byzantine Church. In the reign of Alexius III and Patriarch John X Camateros (11981206), Michael Glycas, the imperial secretary and partly blinded for plotting against Manuel Comnenus, proposed the theory that Christ's body in the Holy Eucharist is mortal from the Consecration to the Communion, just as it was at the Last Supper, but incorruptible immediately after it had been absorbed by the communicant, as it was in the Resurrection. The issue of the primacy of Rome had been raised at the Seventh General Council, when it is argued by some that in translating Adrian's letter to the council, Tarasius had simply suppressed every suggestion of the primacy of Rome. It also benefited greatly from a stronger administrative center and internal political stability, as well as great wealth compared with other states of the early medieval period. Photius then invited the Eastern patriarchs to a general council in a famous encyclical that proposed to condemn the papal incumbent without repudiating the see. Two separate meetings were held at this time, one in August 859 and one in the spring of 861; the details are as follows. Iconoclasm brought about a profound change in the Byzantine Church itself by impelling the monks into ecclesiastical leadership. Once the Cerularius incident had disclosed the rent between Rome and Constantinople, efforts at reunion began almost immediately, For the East, the initiative was begun by the emperor due to the special place of the civil ruler in the Byzantine Church. Original Byzantine churches are square-shaped with a central floor plan. Theophylact was only 16 years old and was known for his worldly interests, especially horses. Revival of Iconoclasm. Council of Constantinople IV. With the Seijuk Turks of central Asia bearing down on Constantinople, Emperor Alexius I turned to the West for help, resulting in the declaration of holy war by Pope Urban II at Clermont, France, that began the First Crusade. Byzantine civilization blended Christian religious beliefs with Greek science, philosophy, arts, and literature. The first concerned the meaning of a passage in the liturgy, "You are the offerer and the offered, and the receiver." The acts of this council seem never to have been submitted to Rome for approval. He accepted the filioque and the validity of consecration of unleavened bread. New Catholic Encyclopedia. Many refugees from Constantinople fled to Nicaea, site of a Byzantine government-in-exile that would retake the capital and overthrow Latin rule in 1261. The Studites fought for absolute independence of the Church from the State. The Persians drove out the orthodox Melkites and handed over their sees and parishes to the Monophysites. Though official efforts at reunion had little success, informal exchanges between scholars contributed to a better understanding. Ecumenical Council of Nicaea II. Another difference between Maurice and the pope occurred over an imperial law of 592 forbidding public functionaries to accept ecclesiastical office and barring municipal officials and soldiers from entering a monastery. As a result, the conciliatory party turned its back on the Latin empire and gave its allegiance to Nicaea. to the twentieth century A.D. This doctrinal dispute provided Charlemagne with a theological reason for rejecting the acts of the council, and his letter that justified his position on the subject to Pope Adrian was the first written explanation in a polemic that was to continue for centuries. The emperor recognized the primacy in a formula worded by Pope Gregory X himself. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! The reorganization of the Jacobite Church occurred on the eve of the Persian and Arab invasions and shaped the whole course of Christianity in the Near East. Quinisext Synod. In terms of religion, the Council of Chalcedon in 451 officially established the division of the Christian world into separate patriarchates, including Rome (where the patriarch would later call himself pope), Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem. With the exception of the Anglicans and some Lutherans, this idea is rejected. After the courageous stand of Maximus Confessor, a division occurred in the Byzantine Church. In this way, though intended only against Cerularius, the anathema was applied to the whole Byzantine Church and aroused strong opposition. Meanwhile, Pope honorious i had responded to Sergius, stating that the debate about one or two energies should stop; he gave the same decision to Cyrus and Sophronius. For a treatment of Byzantine architecture, see Western architecture: The Christian East. The most ambitious Byzantine-style building in England is Westminster Cathedral. He invited Patriarch John X Camateros to join him but was refused. Though it stretched over less territory, Byzantium had more control over trade, more wealth and more international prestige than under Justinian. Encyclopedia.com. For them, Byzantium was a continuation of the Roman read more, The Persian Empire is the name given to a series of dynasties centered in modern-day Iran that spanned several centuriesfrom the sixth century B.C. Their right hands were lopped off and their tongues cut out. The importance of incident in relations between the two Churches has been much discussed. Nicholas took savage vengeance on Euthymius and severely punished his party, particularly those who had sworn to stand by Nicholas then changed over. The interpolation, first made in Spain in the 7th century, affirmed that the Holy Spirit proceeded from both the Father and Son. On July 16, the legates in the Church of Hagia Sophia, crowded for the morning liturgy, laid a document of excommunication on the high altar. This had a decisive influence on the history of Europe and of the Byzantine Church itself, and was responsible for the division between Eastern and Western Europe that exists to the present day. m. whittow, The Making of Orthodox Byzantium 6001025 (Basingstoke 1996). Empowered by this conciliar decree, Constantine persecuted all iconophiles, especially monks, and there were many martyrdoms, including that of St. Stephen the Younger. The synod took no positive action but simply forbade anyone to read Glycas or his opponent. It had not, however, achieved a spiritual union of the Churches. The issue was ultimately resolved by a compromise: municipal officials could not become monks until they had quit themselves of their obligations, and soldiers would have to serve three years. The majority refused to take the oath. Efforts at Reunion. After a thorough discussion of each point, agreement was reached on the filioque, azymes, purgatory, the enjoyment of the beatific vision by the blessed before the Last Judgment, the primacy, and the order of the patriarchs, Constantinople being named second after Rome. It recognized the same Sacraments and the same ecclesiastical organization and was presided over by bishops whom the Roman Church acknowledged as true . Individual features were suppressed in favour of a standard facial type, figures were flattened, and draperies were reduced to patterns of swirling lines. Peter of Antioch expounded the ecclesiology of the period in one of his epistles to Dominic, patriarch of Venice. The emperor was firmly convinced that the patriarch was engaged in treasonable dealings with a rebel in Asia Minor, and he resolved to depose Nicholas at the first opportunity, despite the patriarch's large popular following in Constantinople. As a vassal state, Byzantium paid tribute to the sultan and provided him with military support. d. stratoudaki-white, "The Patriarch Photios and the Conclusion of Iconoclasm," Greek Orthodox Theological Review 44 (1999) 341355. Both Theodore and John were staunch supporters of Florence. St. Cyril . Under John Comnenus (111843), the works of the monk Constantine Chrysomallus, which were tainted with Manichaean errors, were discovered circulating in several monasteries and were burnt by order of the synod in 1140. In the 9th, 10th, and 11th centuries conflicts arose involving cultural and political elements alongside doctrinal and disciplinary issues. Apostolic Succession. Sergius and Heraclius. It anathematized Michael, the patriarch, and his followers; and it condemned as heretical the special features of the Byzantine Liturgy and ecclesial usages. The mounting fury was unleashed in a massacre of Latins all over the empire in 1182. 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