calusa tribe religion

There is evidence that the people intensively exploited Charlotte Harbor aquatic resources before 3500 BC. The Calusa tribe once numbered around 50,000 people, and Tampa was one of their largest towns. This answer is: Study guides. Instead, they fished for food on the coast, bays, rivers, and waterways. The Calusa Tribe had a large population and were well-organized. It seems clear that while the Spaniards wanted strategic control of the region, the Calusa territory provided them with little economic incentive for serious pursuit; they and other Europeans explored more promising regions to the north. On Key Marco, among numerous mounds and ridges of earth and shell, he discovered a courtyard submerged in mud and bound by walls of conch shells. There are probably people of Calusa descent still alive today. Man in Peru Caught Out Drinking With an 800-year-old Mummy! Shells and clay were used by the Calusa to create the foundation of their cities. support our organization's work with endangered American Indian languages. Milanich, Jerald. In. So, we needed information on large-scale architecture, the timing and tempo of shell midden mound formation and the timing of large-scale public architecture., Florida Museum illustration by Merald Clark. Now, there is a lot of garbage and misinformation on the Internet no matter what . From the time of European contact until their ultimate demise from conflict and illness around 1770, the Calusa successfully resisted, albeit with considerable bloodshed, intermittent efforts by Spanish missionaries to convert them to Christianity. As Cushing noted and as more recent studies have revealed, they dug extensive waterways or canals (sometimes as large as 4 feet deep, 20 feet wide, and 3 miles long) that crossed Key Marco and the rest of the region. At the time of first European contact, the Caloosahatchee culture region formed the core of the Calusa domain. [7] The contemporary archeologists MacMahon and Marquardt suggest this statement may have been a misunderstanding of a requirement to marry a "clan-sister". In 1513 Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de Leon sailed northwest from the island of Hispaniola (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic) with a three-year royal contract to discover rich lands thought to lie in that direction. The Tequesta Indians were a tribe of eastern Florida, closely connected with the Ais. They established a complex, centralized government, constructed a canal system, the beginnings of organized religion, and the creating of many art forms. The 2017 excavations were really exciting for a number of reasons, Thompson said. google_ad_width = 728; Calusa beliefs included a trinity of governing spirits. The Penn Museum respectfully acknowledges that it is situated on Lenapehoking, the ancestral and spiritual homeland of the Unami Lenape. Soon after the discoveries, Donald funded archaeological mapping of . It is believed that Calusa translated to mean "Fierce People". Previous indigenous cultures had lived in the area for thousands of years. Water World. THE CALUSA INDIANS OF SOUTHWEST FLORIDA. They formerly held the southwest coast from about Tampa Bay to Cape Sable and Cape Florida, together with all the outlying keys, and extending inland to Lake Okeechobee. When the Spanish explored the coast of Florida, they soon became the targets of the Calusa, and this tribe is said to have been the first one that the explorers wrote home about. Some of these masks had moving parts that used pull strings and hinges so that a person could alter the look of a mask while wearing it. Fontaneda was shipwrecked on the east coast of Florida, likely in the Florida Keys, about 1550, when he was thirteen years old. This article is good but it does not provide any data related to the status of the Calusa people at the first arrival of Spaniards in 1513 leaded by Juan Ponce de Leon, its "discoverer". Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, an early chronicler of the Calusa, described "sorcerers in the shape of the devil, with some horns on their heads," who ran through the town yelling like animals for four months at a time. They are a tribe. The Calusa king Caalus, perched high on his throne in his grand house, watched as Pedro Menendez de Aviles, the first governor of La Florida, arrived with his entourage. They were descendants of Paleo-Indians who inhabited Southwest Florida approximately 12,000 years ago. The Calusa Indians. The National Museum of the American Indian in Washington, D.C. Photo by Alina Zienowicz . Artist's conception of town chief at the Calusa town of Tampa (present day Pineland) (Art by Merald Clark.) Tamara Jager Stewart is the assistant editor of American Archaelogy and the Conservancys Southwest region projects director. Menndez left a garrison of soldiers and a Jesuit mission, San Antn de Carlos, at the Calusa capital. Those excavations revealed rarely preserved objects of wood, such as masks, figureheads, bowls, and tools, which survived because of the wet environment. While there is no evidence that the Calusa had institutionalized slavery, studies show they would use captives for work or even sacrifice. Are there any Calusa people left? Because the Timucua didn't use money, though, a shaman would be given such items as baskets or turkeys. In April of that year he made landfall and, calling this new territory La Florida, claimed it for the Spanish Crown. Radiocarbon dating of organic materials associated with the watercourts indicates they were built between A.D. 1300 and 1400, toward the end of a second phase of construction on the kings house. Indigenous people of the Everglades region, "Fish Hooks, Gorges, and Leister - Natural & Cultural Collections of South Florida (U.S. National Park Service)", Evidence for a Calusa-Tunica Relationship, Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calusa&oldid=1140745100, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Language articles with unreferenced extinction date, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Bullen, Adelaide K. (1965). Around A.D. 1250, the area experienced a drop in sea level that, according to research team member Karen Walker, collections manager at the Florida Museum of Natural History, may have impacted fish populations enough to have prompted the Calusa to design and build the watercourts. Engineering the courts required an intimate understanding of daily and seasonal tides, hydrology and the biology of various fish species, said Thompson. Fontaneda lived with various tribes in southern Florida for the next seventeen years before being found by the Menendez de Avils expedition. Calusa v. Iroquois: Religious Beliefs. Historic sources reveal that they were a warlike people who economically and politically dominated most of southern Florida (Fig. Request Answer. South Florida Archaeology and Ethnography, South Florida Archaeology & Ethnography Collection. Darcie A. Macmahon and Dr. William H. Marquardt, an expert on the Calusa, have written a fascinating book that brings to life a group of people who disappeared from Florida in the 1700s. Diseases would ravage their population and force . "The Calusa: A Stratified, Nonagricultural Society (With Notes on Sibling Marriage)." Like the Calusa, the Tequesta were devastated by European diseases. The plaques and other objects were often painted. Carlos was succeeded by his cousin (and brother-in-law) Felipe, who was in turn succeeded by another cousin of Carlos, Pedro. The Calusa men were tall and well built with long hair. The missionaries recognized that having a Calusa man cut his hair upon converting to Christianity (and European style) would be a great sacrifice. The Calusa were descended from people who had lived in the area for at least 1,000 years prior to European contact, and possibly for much longer than that. Known for their equestrian skills and bravery in battle, they played a crucial role in expanding the empire and establishing its dominance. Miccosukee. There was little change in the pottery tradition after this. They are attacked by Spain, which in 1566 had established St. Augustine in the north. The Tequesta lived in the southeastern parts of present-day Florida. If a Calusa killed such an animal, the soul would migrate to a lesser animal and eventually be reduced to nothing.[18]. [14], The Calusa lived in large, communal houses which were two stories high. The chief lived in the main village at the mouth of the Miami River. The finds tell us of Calusa fishing techniques, of the tools used to produce their wooden carvings, of architecture, ceremonialism, and daily life. Despite having no real agriculture, they developed a dense, sedentary, complex society, with all the good & bad that entails. The other two souls left the body after death and entered into an animal. 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Tribute was offered in the form of prestige goods, such as feathers, mats, deerskins, food, and metals and captives recovered from Spanish shipwrecks (Hudson 1976). [16], Ceremonial or otherwise artistic masks have been discovered and were previously described by the Spanish who first encountered the Calusa. They believed in three superior beings, one controlled the weather, the others ruled the welfare of the tribe and warfare. And, although some of Cushings ideas about the Indians he had discovered and their relationship to tribes in the Caribbean and South America have not remained popular among scholars, his descriptive notes and insights are of unquestionable value. It is likely there are descendants of the Calusa living among the Native American people of Florida and in Cuba today., In terms of Mound Key, much more can be learned about the Spanish fort and mission, the relations between the Calusa and the Spaniards and the earlier, pre-contact occupations of the island, Marquardt said. New Evidence Shows Humans Were Using Bows and Arrows in 52,000 BC. It was reputed in local legend to be the seat of the god Wotan and to be haunted. Cushings excavations took place along the coast. Calusa political influence and control also extended over other tribes in southern Florida, including the Mayaimi around Lake Okeechobee, and the Tequesta and Jaega on the southeast coast of the peninsula. ed. It is recorded that in that year, the Calusa chief formed an alliance with the Spanish governor, Menndez de Avils. Seeking Native American Spirituality: Read This First! The National Geographic has reported that archaeologists have discovered an ancient Native American kings house in Florida. One illustration of the sophistication of the Calusa can be found in eyewitness accounts of an event in 1566. [20][21], A few vocabulary examples from Granberry's work are listed below:[22]. Calusa ceremonies included processions of priests and singing women. Archaeology, 57(5), 4650. The Calusa people based most of their diet on seafood. Their territory ranged from Tampa Bay south to the Ten Thousand Islands and as far east as Lake Okeechobee. The fact that the Calusa were fishers, not farmers, created tension between them and the Spaniards, who arrived in Florida when the Calusa kingdom was at its zenith, Thompson said. Although his primary interest is in the ancient civilizations of the Near East, he is also interested in other geographical regions, as well as other time periods. Read More. The Calusa were a tribe of Native Americans known as the "Shell Indians" and some of the first Floridians. Although many others survived the shipwreck, only Fontaneda was spared by the tribe in whose territory they landed. Could we find unequivocal architectural evidence that Mound Key was the Calusa capital town, as had long been suggested? Salvaged goods and survivors from wrecked Spanish ships reached the Calusa during the 1540s and 1550s. Historically located in northwest Florida, the Apalachee were allied with the Spanish, but maintained their autonomy through political and social traditions. The Apalachee Tribe was among the most advanced and powerful Native American people in Florida. Pine tree legends It's also possible that a few were absorbed into the Seminole tribe. Despite the social complexity and political might that the Calusa attained, they are said to have eventually went extinct around the end of the 18 th century. This article first appeared in the magazines fall 2020 issue. 5,8,4) traveled this year, in an unprecedented loan of the Key Marco material, to the National Gallery of Art where they were exhibited as part of the Columbian Quincentenary exhibition, Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration. These figureheads will be on display in Philadelphia through 1992 in the Main Entrance of The University Museum. The Calusa were a Native American tribe that inhabited the southwest coast of Florida. The Untersberg is a great mountain straddling the Austro-German border opposite Salzburg. Many of them are trying to do this on the Internet. See answer (1) Best Answer. Fowler Williams, .Lucy"The Calusa Indians: Maritime Peoples of Florida in the Age of Columbus" Expedition Magazine 33.2 (1991): n. pag. At the time of European contact in the 16th and 17th centuries, the historic Calusa were the people of the Caloosahatchee culture. [Online]Available at: http://www.funandsun.com/1tocf/inf/nativepeoples/calusa.html, www.sanibelhistory.org, 2016. Pottery distinct from the Glades tradition developed in the region around AD 500, marking the beginning of the Caloosahatchee culture. Missions to the Calusa, edited and translated by John H. Hann. The men of the Calusa are recorded to have been powerfully built, and let their hair grow long. On that trip, Juan and his mates are said to have been attacked by the Calusa Indians, a large and fearsome group of natives who made their living from the sea. [8], The Calusa caught most of their fish with nets. The architectural remains of the kings house were relatively easy to find, but difficult to interpret at first, Marquardt said. Calusa beliefs included a trinity of governing spirits. Native Americans of the California Coast: The Chumash By Damian Bacich The Chumash are a widespread group of California native people who lived along the southern California coast and the Santa Barbara Channel Islands. The immensity of the kings house, as well as the huge shell mounds and the canals required large amounts of labor and mechanisms to mobilize and to organize that labor that he thinks are indicative of a lower class that worked at the behest of the Calusas elites. They were a fierce, independent tribe that lived in southwest Florida as early as 2,000 years ago. Tabby, also called tabbi or tapia, is made by burning shells to create lime, which is then mixed with sand, ash, water and broken shells. However, no evidence of plant food was found at the Wightman site. Archaeological and historical evidence indicates the Calusas primary source of food was the sea, and virtually all evidence suggests they did not practice agriculture. The Calusa are said to have been the descendants of Palaeo-Indians who inhabited Southwest Florida about 12000 years ago. The Jesuit Menendez noted that in the early hours of the morning, Carlos would sit on a stool with his people around him to discuss the ideas presented by the missionaries. Calusa means "fierce people," and they were described as a fierce, war-like people. Directly beneath the chief was the nobility. Did the Calusa farm? They left 1,700 behind. He was also attacked by the Calusa. Little is known about Calusa religion. For hundreds of years, the Calusa built a society that had its own government, a religion, and adaptation to the environment that is quite impressive. It is documented that their power and influence extended over . It has also been stated that the Spanish were brought into a large temple, where they saw carved and painted wooden masks covering its walls. The Calusa Indians, a poorly understood group of bygone Native Americans D Donna Jean Calusa Indians European Explorers University Of South Florida Gulf Coast Florida Spirit World Mexica South Florida People & Environments: The Calusa Domain: Calusa beliefs included a trinity of governing spirits. [Online]Available at: http://www.calusalandtrust.org/who_were_the_calusa/who_were_the_calusa.htm, Ripley, K., 2016. The temple mounds, built by what must have been a well-organized work force, measured up to 30 feet high and were often topped with buildings of wood and thatch entered only by the elite. By around 5000 BC, people started living in villages near wetlands. In 1954 a dugout canoe was found during excavation for a middle school in Marathon, Florida. [2] The Tequesta tribe had only a few survivors by . Certain ceremonies were performed to seal the alliance (and perhaps also as a display of the might of the Calusa), and was witnessed by over 4000 people. The "nobles" resisted conversion in part because their power and position were intimately tied to the belief system; they were intermediaries between the gods and the people. They believed that people had three souls-in a person's eye, shadow, and their reflection in the water. The Shell People. Calusa Tribe. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2004. Furthermore, new diseases such as smallpox and measles were introduced into the area by European explorers. Apart from that, shells are said to have been used by the Calusa to make all sorts of things, including tools, jewelry, utensils, and even spearheads for fishing and hunting. The chief also married women from subject towns and allied tribes. Tabby was an Old World concrete consisting of lime from burned shells mixed with sand, ash, water and broken shells. The Calusa persisted for another century in isolation, but eventually succumbed to slave raids by Creek Indians from the north and exposure to diseases they brought. They also claimed authority over the tribes of the east coast, north to about Cape Canaveral. The men wore their hair long. The pelican, wolf, and deer figureheads mentioned here (Figs. Soon 20 war canoes attacked the Spanish, who drove off the Calusa, killing or capturing several of them. Schell, Rolfe F. 1,000 years on Mound Key; the story of the Caloosa Indians on . He had a council which may have included one or more head priests and one or two high-ranking individuals involved in political and religious decision-making. When the Spanish arrived in Florida in the early 16 th century, the Calusa were already in possession of a complex centralized government. Penn Museum, 1991 Web. Different tribes had different names for the sport including . Said by a Spaniard, Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, who was a captive among them for many years, to mean "fierce people," but it is perhaps more probable that, since it often appears in the form Carlos, it was, as others assert, adopted by the Calusa chief from the name of the Emperor Charles V, about whose greatness he had learned from Spanish prisoners. It's also rich with the history and culture of the Calusa Indians, the Native Americans who preceded us, even if their footprints are a bit blurry. Image by Pat Payne for American Archaeology. The expedition was sponsored jointly by The University Museum (then the Free Museum of Science and Art) and the Bureau of American Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution. Hence, the Calusa are sometimes called the Shell People / Indians. [13][11] Artifacts of wood that have been found include bowls, ear ornaments, masks, plaques, "ornamental standards", and a finely carved deer head. To date no one has found a Calusa dugout canoe, but it is speculated that such vessels would have been constructed from cypress or pine, as used by other Florida tribes. The site of the excavation appears to be linked with Calusa ceremonialism and was one location at which wooden carvings, probably used in ritual, were housed. Artist's conception of town chief at the Calusa town of Tampa (present day Pineland) (Art by Merald Clark.) They determined that the enclosures, which were built on a foundation of oyster shells, walled off portions of the estuary, serving as traps and short-term holding pens for fish before they were eaten, smoked, or dried for later consumption. The Spanish documented four cases of known succession to the position of paramount chief, recording most names in Spanish form. Their sophistication and fierceness enabled them to resist Spanish domination for some 200 years. The archaeologists were surprised to discover the Spanish used a primitive shell concrete known as tabby to stabilize the wall posts of their wooden structures. google_ad_height = 15; Want this question answered? "Well, every indigenous group around the country has its own unique history and and accomplishments, but I guess what has interested archaeologists and anthropologists generally is that the Calusa managed to become very complex, politically complex," said Marquardt. (1993). During the Calusa's reign the Florida coastline extended roughly 60 miles further into the Gulf of Mexico. The Iliad can provide new insights on the role of motherhood among the ancient Greek gods, and by extension, amongst ancient mortal Greek women themselves. The Calusa leader, Calus (called Carlos II by the Spaniards), agrees to accept a Jesuit missionary among his people, but the Calusa refuse to . Additionally, it has been suggested that the population of this tribe may have reached 50000 people at one point of time. Archaeological techniques were not very well defined in Cushings day, and though he took detailed notes of his findings, information on the stratigraphy of the site was not recorded. Marquardt and Victor Thompson of the University of Georgia are co-directing research at Mound Key, which has a complex arrangement of shell midden mounds, canals, watercourts and other features. The Calusa people's diet consisted mainly of fish and shellfish from the Gulf of Mexico and its many waterways. Well-preserved nets, net floats, and hooks were found at Key Marco, in the territory of the neighboring Muspa tribe. The women were responsible for work around the house, like cooking and raising the children. This tribe of Indians controlled most of Southwest Florida and created an elaborate network of canals, homes, and government. One of the most popular Native American sports was lacrosse. It was during this time that the team located the Spanish fort Fort San Antn de Carlos, named for the Catholic patron saint of lost things that historic documents said was built near Caalus house in 1566. The priests wore carved masks, which were at other times hung on the walls inside a temple. Marquardt, William H. (2004). What was the calusa Indians religion? In several cases where the waterlogged objects dried and disintegrated into unrecognizable forms, the paintings and photographs provide the only surviving record (see Fig. Tabby was later used by the English in their American colonies and in Southern plantations. But the Spanish not only refused to fight Caalus rivals, they also wanted to convert his people to Catholicism, which eventually led to conflict between the Spanish and the Calusa. They built massive mounds of shells and sand, dug large canals, engineered sophisticated fish corrals, held elaborate ceremonies, created remarkable works of art, such as intricately carved wooden masks and traversed the waters in canoes made from hollowed-out logs. Archaeologists have long pondered how the Calusa could have grown to a population of some 20,000 and dominated such a vast region without relying on agriculture. The two forms together may have indicated his transformation (Figs. After Spain ceded Florida to the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1763, the remaining tribes of South Florida were relocated to Cuba by the Spanish, completing their removal from the region. This use of marriages to secure alliances was demonstrated when Carlos offered his sister Antonia in marriage to the Spanish explorer Pedro Menndez de Avils in 1566. The Calusa king, or head chief, was an absolute ruler. 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